Revise Skill in sport and information processing for IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science (1.6)

In sports science, 'skill', 'ability', and 'technique' have precise meanings. Ability is a general, inherited trait that is stable and enduring. Think of it as the raw potential, like having good coordination or fast reaction time. Technique is the 'way of doing' something; the specific biomechanical movements required to perform an action. Skill is the learned ability to bring about a pre-determined result with maximum certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time or energy. A skilled performer uses an effective technique to consistently achieve their goal. For example, a basketball player's ability is their height and coordination; their technique is how they hold and release the ball; their skill is consistently scoring a free throw.

To understand how we perform skills, we use a theoretical model called the information processing model. This model likens the human brain to a computer, processing information sequentially to produce an output. Welford's (1968) model is a classic example. It begins with input from the environment, gathered by our senses. This information is then processed in the central nervous system (decision-making), where a response is selected. Finally, the brain sends signals to the muscles to produce the movement (output). Feedback about the output is then used to refine future attempts.

Memory is fundamental to information processing. The short-term sensory store (STSS) holds vast amounts of sensory information for less than a second. Information we pay attention to moves to short-term memory (STM), our conscious 'workspace'. Through rehearsal, information is transferred to long-term memory (LTM) for permanent storage. LTM is where we store motor programmes – pre-learned sequences of movements. For fast, ballistic skills like a cricket bowl, we use open-loop control, where the motor programme runs to completion without feedback. For slower skills requiring adjustment, like balancing on a beam, we use closed-loop control, where feedback is used to make real-time corrections.

Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time

This simple equation is crucial. Reaction time is the time from the onset of a stimulus to the start of the response. Movement time is the time from the start of the movement to its completion. Response time is the total duration. Improving any component will improve overall performance speed.

Feedback is the information a performer receives about their performance. It is arguably the most important factor for skill acquisition as it allows for error detection and correction. Without feedback, improvement is almost impossible. It can be used to motivate the athlete and reinforce correct technique.