Question 1

Why can't a π bond exist on its own?

Accepted Answer

A π bond relies on the sideways overlap of p-orbitals. For this to be effective, the atoms must be held close together at a fixed distance. This is the job of the much stronger σ bond, which forms the primary framework of the molecule.

Question 2

Is a C=C double bond twice as strong as a C-C single bond?

Accepted Answer

No. A C=C bond consists of one σ bond and one π bond. The π bond is weaker than the σ bond. Therefore, the bond enthalpy of a C=C bond (e.g., ~614 kJ mol⁻¹) is greater than a C-C bond (e.g., ~348 kJ mol⁻¹), but less than double.

Question 3

How does this relate to sp², sp³, and sp hybridisation?

Accepted Answer

Hybridisation is a more advanced model to explain these shapes. A tetrahedral carbon (like in ethane, 109.5°) is described as sp³ hybridised. A trigonal planar carbon (like in ethene, 120°) is sp² hybridised. A linear carbon (like in ethyne, 180°) is sp hybridised. You will explore this in more detail at A2 Level.

Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

What you need to know

Sigma vs. Pi: The Bonds that Shape Molecules