Skip to content

9084 · 1.2.1

Civil courts and civil process — practice questions

Practice and worked examples for 9084 Civil courts and civil process. Short previews only — attempt the full question in MarkScheme against the official scheme.

Worked example 1

Priya sues her former employer for £45,000 for breach of contract (unpaid commission). The employer denies liability and counterclaims for £8,000. Which court and track apply, and outline the key procedural stages? [10 marks]

Show solution outline

Issue: Appropriate court, track allocation, and civil procedure stages.

Court: The claim value of £45,000 falls within the County Court's general jurisdiction (for claims up to £100,000). It would not typically be heard in the High Court unless it involved a particularly complex point of law.

Track: As the financial value is over £25,000, the case will be allocated to the multi-track. This track is for higher-value and more complex cases, allowing for more detailed case management by a judge.

Procedure: (1) Pre-action protocol — Priya's solicitor sends a letter before claim setting out the case. (2) Claim form (N1) + Particulars of Claim are issued and served. (3) Defence + Counterclaim is filed by the employer within 14/28 days. (4) Directions questionnaire is completed by both parties, leading to allocation to the multi-track. (5) A Case Management Conference (CMC) is held where a judge sets a timetable for disclosure, witness statements, and expert evidence. (6) Disclosure of relevant documents and exchange of witness statements. (7) Trial before a Circuit Judge in the County Court.

Conclusion: The case proceeds in the County Court on the multi-track, following a judge-managed process designed for more substantial disputes. The parties would be encouraged to consider settlement throughout, for example via a Part 36 offer.

Worked example 2

Ahmed claims £80,000 from BuildCo for defective building work. Before trial, Ahmed makes a Part 36 offer to settle for £55,000. BuildCo rejects it. At trial, the judge awards Ahmed £60,000 in damages. Ahmed's total legal costs are £20,000 (£8,000 before the offer expired, £12,000 after). The base rate is 5%. Explain and calculate the financial consequences for BuildCo under CPR 36.17.

Show solution outline

Issue: The costs consequences of rejecting a claimant's successful Part 36 offer.

Rule: Under CPR 36.17(4), where a claimant obtains a judgment at least as advantageous as their own Part 36 offer, the court will, unless unjust, order the defendant to pay specific penalties.

Application & Calculation: Ahmed's judgment (£60,000) is more advantageous than his offer (£55,000), so the penalties apply.

  1. Damages: BuildCo must pay the £60,000 awarded by the court.
  2. Costs: BuildCo must pay all of Ahmed's reasonable costs, totalling £20,000. The £12,000 incurred after the offer expired will be assessed on the more generous 'indemnity basis'.
  3. Enhanced Interest on Damages: The court can award interest at up to 10% above the base rate on the damages. Let's assume the court awards the maximum.
    • Calculation: 10% + 5% (base rate) = 15% per annum. If the period from offer expiry to judgment was 9 months (0.75 years): £60,000 * 15% * 0.75 = £6,750.
  4. Additional Amount: A penalty calculated as 10% of the damages awarded.
    • Calculation: 10% of £60,000 = £6,000.

Conclusion: In addition to the £60,000 damages and £20,000 in legal costs, BuildCo must pay penalties for rejecting the offer:

  • Enhanced Interest: £6,750
  • Additional Amount: £6,000
  • Total Penalties: £12,750

This makes BuildCo's total liability £60,000 (damages) + £20,000 (costs) + £12,750 (penalties) = £92,750. This demonstrates the significant financial risk of rejecting a reasonable Part 36 offer.