9609 · 2.2.3
Motivation theories flashcards
Revision flashcards for Cambridge 9609 Motivation theories (syllabus 2.2.3). Flip, recall, then mark a real past-paper question.
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Taylor (scientific management)?
Workers motivated mainly by money; piece rate; management designs optimal tasks.
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Mayo (Hawthorne)?
Social interaction and being valued improve output - not just pay.
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Maslow's five levels?
Physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation - lower before higher.
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Herzberg motivators?
Achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement - true motivators.
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Herzberg hygiene factors?
Pay, conditions, supervision, company policy - prevent dissatisfaction only.
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Taylor limitation?
Treats workers as machines; ignores social and higher needs; deskilling.
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When Taylor still applies?
Simple repetitive tasks, clear output measure - e.g. piece-rate manufacturing.
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Exam technique?
Name theory → explain → apply to case → evaluate limitation.
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What is the 'Hawthorne Effect' from Mayo's theory?
The tendency for individuals to improve their performance when they are aware they are being observed or receiving special attention from managers. It highlights the importance of social factors and recognition.
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According to Herzberg, what is the difference between Hygiene Factors and Motivators?
Hygiene Factors (e.g., pay, working conditions) are extrinsic and can cause dissatisfaction if poor, but do not motivate. Motivators (e.g., achievement, recognition) are intrinsic to the job and lead to satisfaction and motivation.
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What is Self-Actualisation in Maslow's Hierarchy?
The highest level of the hierarchy, representing the need to fulfil one's full potential. In a business context, it is met through challenging work, opportunities for creativity, and personal growth.
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What is 'Scientific Management'?
Taylor's theory that motivation is purely economic. It advocates using time-and-motion studies to find the 'one best way' to do a job and using piece-rate pay to motivate workers to maximise productivity.
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What is 'job enrichment'?
A key application of Herzberg's theory. It involves giving employees greater responsibility, autonomy, and more challenging tasks to make the work itself more rewarding and intrinsically motivating.