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9609 · 6.1.7

Environmental — practice questions

Practice and worked examples for 9609 Environmental. Short previews only — attempt the full question in MarkScheme against the official scheme.

Worked example 1

A logistics company uses 500,000 litres of diesel per year. Diesel emits 2.68 kg CO2e per litre. The government introduces a carbon tax of $50 per tonne of CO2e. Calculate the annual cost of this tax and the payback period for a $150,000 investment in more fuel-efficient trucks that reduces fuel consumption by 20%. Assume diesel costs $1.50 per litre.

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Step 1: Calculate total annual emissions. Emissions=500,000litres×2.68kgCO2e/litre=1,340,000kgCO2eEmissions = 500,000 litres \times 2.68 kg CO2e/litre = 1,340,000 kg CO2e Emissionsintonnes=1,340,000kg/1000=1,340tonnesCO2eEmissions in tonnes = 1,340,000 kg / 1000 = 1,340 tonnes CO2e

Step 2: Calculate the annual carbon tax cost. Tax Cost = 1,340 tonnes × $50/tonne = $67,000

Step 3: Calculate annual savings from investment. Fuelreduction=20%×500,000litres=100,000litresFuel reduction = 20\% \times 500,000 litres = 100,000 litres Annual fuel cost saving = 100,000 litres × $1.50/litre = $150,000 Tax saving = 20% × $67,000 = $13,400

Step 4: Calculate total annual cost saving. Total Saving = Fuel Saving + Tax Saving = $150,000 + $13,400 = $163,400

Step 5: Calculate the payback period. PaybackPeriod=InvestmentCost/AnnualSavingPayback Period = Investment Cost / Annual Saving Payback Period = $150,000 / $163,400 = 0.92 years 0.92 years × 12 months/year ≈ 11 months

Conclusion: The carbon tax adds a significant cost of $67,000 per year. However, the investment in fuel-efficient trucks is highly attractive, paying for itself in just 11 months due to both fuel and tax savings.

Worked example 2

EU bans single-use plastic packaging in food sector in 18 months. Analyse the impact on a snack manufacturer using plastic wrappers.

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Cost: R&D and retooling for compostable/recyclable alternatives; possible higher unit cost in the short run.

Operations: Change suppliers, production lines, quality testing - risk of disruption if late.

Marketing: First-mover sustainable packaging as USP (3.3.2 brand); avoid greenwashing - certify claims.

Strategy: Start transition now; budget capital investment (10.3); if fail to comply, exit market or face fines (6.1.1 legal).