9990 · 3.1.2
Research methodology — FAQ
Frequently asked questions for 9990 Research methodology. Direct answers first, then deeper explanation — then practise with marking.
Is a natural experiment the same as a field experiment?
No. A field experiment takes place in a natural setting, but the researcher still manipulates the Independent Variable (IV). In a natural experiment, the IV is an event or change that occurs naturally, without any intervention from the researcher (e.g., a change in law). The researcher simply records the effect of this change on a Dependent Variable (DV).
Can a study use both quantitative and qualitative data?
Yes, this is called a mixed-methods approach and is very common. For example, a questionnaire might use Likert scales to gather quantitative data on attitudes, and also include an open-ended question asking participants to explain their views, which provides rich qualitative data. This allows for both statistical analysis and a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the topic.
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure or study. If the study were repeated, would the same results be found? Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure or study. Does it truly measure what it claims to measure? A measure can be reliable but not valid (e.g., a faulty weighing scale consistently shows you are 5kg too light), but it cannot be valid if it is not reliable (if the results are inconsistent, they cannot be accurate).