Individual and group performance — common mistakes

In exam questions, be precise. Distinguish between social facilitation (individual task in a group setting) and social loafing (collective group task). Use key terminology like 'dominant response', 'evaluation apprehension', and 'diffusion of responsibility' to demonstrate detailed knowledge.

No, this is a common misconception. According to Zajonc's Drive Theory, an audience increases arousal, which enhances the 'dominant response'. For a simple or well-practised task (like tying your shoes), the dominant response is correct, so performance improves. For a complex or new task (like solving a difficult maths problem for the first time), the dominant response is likely to be incorrect, so performance gets worse. Therefore, the effect of an audience depends entirely on the complexity of the task.

Not exactly. Laziness is typically seen as a stable personality trait (a dispositional factor). Social loafing, however, is a situational phenomenon. People who are normally very diligent might still engage in social loafing if the situation encourages it—for example, if they are in a large group where their individual contribution is anonymous and the task is boring. The same person might work very hard on a different task or in a different group setting. Social loafing is about the context, not just the person.

No, bigger is not always better. While larger teams have more potential resources (e.g., skills, time), they are also more susceptible to 'process loss'. This includes problems like social loafing and poor coordination. The Ringelmann effect demonstrates that as a group gets larger, the average individual contribution often decreases. The optimal team size depends on the task, but for many collaborative tasks, smaller teams (e.g., 3-6 members) often prove to be more efficient and productive as communication is easier and individual accountability remains high.