Question 1

Is the New Right perspective just a modern version of functionalism?

Accepted Answer

Not exactly. They share some ideas, like the belief in meritocracy and the importance of a shared national culture. However, there is a crucial difference: functionalists see the state-run education system as positive and effective in performing its functions. The New Right is highly critical of the state's role, arguing it creates inefficiency and low standards. They believe the solution is marketisation and competition, a view not central to traditional functionalism.

Question 2

Do Marxists believe that individual teachers are consciously trying to brainwash students?

Accepted Answer

Generally, no. Marxist theory operates at a structural level. It argues that the system itself, through the 'hidden curriculum', school hierarchy, and content of what is taught, reproduces inequality. Most teachers are simply working within this system and may have very good intentions. Althusser's concept of the Ideological State Apparatus suggests that individuals operate within ideological structures, often without being fully aware of their role in reproducing the wider system of class inequality.

Question 3

If meritocracy is a 'myth' as Marxists claim, how can we explain individuals from working-class backgrounds who become very successful?

Accepted Answer

Marxists argue that these cases of upward social mobility are exceptions that are ideologically important for the ruling class. By highlighting these rare success stories, the system can maintain the 'myth of meritocracy' and give the working class false hope. This encourages them to believe that the system is fair and that their own position is a result of individual failing rather than systemic inequality, thereby preventing them from challenging the capitalist system itself.

Theories about the role of education

What you need to know

Theories about the role of education