9990 · 3.5.1
Strategies for promoting health flashcards
Revision flashcards for Cambridge 9990 Strategies for promoting health (syllabus 3.5.1). Flip, recall, then mark a real past-paper question.
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Three levels of prevention?
Primary — prevent onset (vaccination, education). Secondary — early detection (screening). Tertiary — manage existing illness (rehabilitation).
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Health Belief Model in health promotion?
Campaigns target **perceived susceptibility/severity** (threat) and **perceived benefits** minus **barriers** — e.g. smoking cessation ads showing lung damage + quitline support.
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Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)?
Ajzen — **behavioural intention** predicted by attitude toward behaviour, **subjective norms**, and **perceived behavioural control**.
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Effective fear appeal?
Janis & Feshbach — fear must be **moderate** (not so high it causes denial) and include **efficacy message** (how to avoid threat).
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Persuasive communication — Hovland?
Message effectiveness depends on **source credibility**, **message content**, and **audience** characteristics.
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Why do health campaigns fail?
Target beliefs but ignore **barriers** (cost, access), **social norms**, or use excessive fear causing **defensive avoidance**.
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What was the main finding of Janis and Feshbach's (1953) study on fear appeals and dental hygiene?
A low-fear appeal was the most effective in changing behaviour. High-fear appeals created defensive avoidance and were the least effective.
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In the Health Belief Model, what are 'perceived barriers'?
An individual's assessment of the obstacles to a behaviour change, such as financial cost, time, inconvenience, or negative side effects.
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List the five stages of the Stages of Change Model.
1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance
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What is the 'inverted-U hypothesis' in the context of fear appeals?
It proposes that behaviour change is most likely at a moderate level of fear. Both very low fear (no motivation) and very high fear (defensive avoidance) are ineffective.
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According to the Stages of Change Model, what happens when a person relapses?
They move back to an earlier stage in the cycle (e.g., from Maintenance to Contemplation or Preparation). Relapse is seen as a normal part of the process, not a total failure.